Oldest Hindu Scriptures – Vedas, Vedangas, Puranas and Siddhanta

Vedas are considered the oldest scriptures in Hinduism. They are a collection of ancient religious texts that form the foundation of Hindu philosophy, rituals, and spiritual practices. The Vedas were composed in ancient India between 1500 and 500 BCE, although the oral tradition of transmitting their knowledge predates their written compilation. The four principal Vedas are the Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda. These texts contain hymns, prayers, rituals, and philosophical teachings that were passed down through generations and continue to hold great significance in Hindu religious and cultural traditions.

The four Vedas—Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda—are considered the primary and oldest texts of the Vedic tradition. Each Veda has its own distinct characteristics and content.

However, it is worth mentioning that within these four Vedas, there are different collections, branches, and schools of thought. These variations are attributed to regional and linguistic differences, as well as the evolution of Vedic knowledge over time. Each Veda consists of various sections, including Samhitas (hymns and prayers), Brahmanas (ritualistic instructions and explanations), Aranyakas (forest treatises), and Upanishads (philosophical and mystical discourses).

It’s also important to note that there are other texts associated with the Vedas, known as the Vedangas, which are considered auxiliary to the Vedas. The Vedangas include subjects such as phonetics, grammar, etymology, meter, astronomy, and rituals.

Vedangas, Puranas, and Siddhantas are different categories of texts that are related to the Vedas in various ways. Here’s a brief explanation of each:

1. Vedangas: Vedangas are auxiliary texts associated with the study and interpretation of the Vedas. They are considered important for understanding the proper pronunciation, recitation, and interpretation of Vedic hymns and rituals.
   
   The six Vedangas are:
   a. Shiksha: Focuses on phonetics, pronunciation, and the proper articulation of Vedic sounds.
   b. Vyakarana: Deals with grammar and linguistic analysis of the Vedic language.
   c. Chandas: Covers the study of poetic meters and prosody used in the composition of Vedic hymns.
   d. Nirukta: Concerns etymology, explaining the meanings of Vedic words and their usage.
   e. Jyotisha: Deals with astronomy, including the calculation of celestial events and the use of astrology in rituals.
   f. Kalpa: Provides guidelines for ritualistic practices, including ceremonies, sacrifices, and rituals associated with the Vedas.
2. Puranas: The Puranas are a genre of ancient Hindu texts that contain a vast collection of genealogies, cosmology, and history. They are considered secondary scriptures and serve as popular religious and cultural guides. The Puranas often incorporate stories and narratives related to the deities, heroes, and kings of Hindu mythology, and they provide insights into various religious practices, rituals, and moral teachings. There are 18 major Puranas, including the Vishnu Purana, Shiva Purana, and Devi Bhagavata Purana.
3. Siddhantas: Siddhantas are texts that focus on specific branches of knowledge, such as astronomy, mathematics, and astrology. They provide detailed calculations, astronomical observations, and theories related to celestial bodies and their movements. Siddhantas are considered practical applications of Vedic knowledge and often provide guidelines for timekeeping, calendar systems, and astrological predictions. Some well-known Siddhantas include the Surya Siddhanta and the Brihat Jataka.

While these texts are associated with the Vedas and draw inspiration from Vedic teachings, they serve different purposes and have their own unique content and style of presentation.